Themes in A Doll’s House
Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House critically examines 19th-century Norwegian society. The play delves into complex social issues through its characters’ struggles. Understanding its major themes is crucial for Leaving Certificate English students.
Gender Roles and Societal Expectations
Definition of the Theme
This theme explores the rigid expectations placed upon men and women. Society dictated specific behaviours, duties, and limitations for each gender. Nora and Torvald embody these conventional roles.
Textual Evidence and Analysis
- Torvald frequently refers to Nora with pet names like “skylark” and “squirrel”. This infantilises her, reinforcing her perceived childlike dependence. He views her as a decorative possession, not an equal partner.
- Nora initially embraces her role as a doting wife and mother. She performs the “macaroon scene” deception, highlighting her need to appease Torvald. She hides her true actions to maintain his idealised image of her.
- Krogstad’s concern for his reputation reflects male societal pressures. He fears losing his standing in the community. This drives his attempts to blackmail Nora, showing the importance of male honour.
- Mrs Linde sacrifices her personal desires for economic necessity. She marries for financial security, illustrating the limited choices available to women. Her pragmatism contrasts with Nora’s early idealism.
Development of the Theme
Initially, Nora thrives within her prescribed gender role. She enjoys playing the submissive, charming wife. The revelation of her secret debt, however, challenges this façade. She realises her actions were not truly appreciated. Torvald’s reaction to Krogstad’s letter exposes his self-centred view. He prioritises his reputation over Nora’s well-being. Nora’s dramatic exit signifies her rejection of these restrictive roles. She seeks autonomy and self-discovery beyond societal norms.
Connection to Exam Questions
This theme is central to questions on character development and conflict. Discuss how characters like Nora and Torvald are shaped by societal pressures. Analyse Ibsen’s critique of patriarchal structures. Consider the play’s general vision and viewpoint regarding women’s rights.
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Appearance Versus Reality
Definition of the Theme
This theme examines the discrepancy between how things seem and how they truly are. Characters often present a false front to society and even to themselves. The Helmer household, in particular, maintains a carefully constructed illusion.
Textual Evidence and Analysis
- The Helmers’ marriage appears idyllic and loving on the surface. Torvald constantly praises Nora, but his affection is conditional. He loves the idea of Nora, not her true self.
- Nora’s secret loan for Torvald’s health reveals her hidden strength. She secretly defied gender expectations to save her husband. This contrasts sharply with her outwardly frivolous demeanour.
- Krogstad’s reputation as a morally corrupt individual is widely accepted. However, he is also a desperate father seeking to reclaim his standing. His actions stem from a desire for respectability.
- Dr Rank harbours a secret love for Nora. He hides his true feelings due to his illness and his friendship with Torvald. His silence contributes to the superficiality of their relationships.
Development of the Theme
The play gradually peels back the layers of deception. Nora’s lies about the loan are the primary catalyst. As the truth emerges, the Helmers’ marriage crumbles. Torvald’s true character is exposed through his harsh reaction. Nora’s awakening involves confronting her own self-deception. She realises her life has been a performance. The tragic irony is that the